Scientist

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This article is about the profession. For other uses, see Scientist (disambiguation)

A scientist is a person who uses the scientific method to do research. William Whewell coined the word in 1833. Before that scientists were termed "natural philosophers" or "men of science".

Scientists are generally motivated, often from childhood, by a desire to understand why the world is as we see it and how it came to be. They exhibit a strong curiosity about Nature. Recognition by their peers and prestige are usually secondary motivations. Few scientists count generating personal wealth as an important driving force behind their science.

Science and technology have continually modified human existence. As a profession, the scientist of today is widely recognised. However, lay people in Western societies have little understanding of the day to day activities of professional scientists.

Scientists include theory who mainly develop new models to explain existing data, and experimentalists who mainly test models by making measurements — though in practice the division between these activities is not clear-cut, and many scientists perform both. Mathematics is usually grouped with the sciences. Like other scientists, mathematicians start with hunches and then conduct symbolic or computational experiments to test them. Some of the greatest physics have also been creative mathematicians. There is a continuum from the most theoretical to the most empiricism scientists with no distinct boundaries. By personality psychology, interests, training and professional activity, there is little difference between applied mathematics and theoretical physics.

History (Alhazen) has been described as the "first scientist" for his development of the scientific method.

An early scientific method which emphasized experimentation was first used by the Iraqi Islamic science and polymath Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), circa 1021 AD, in his Book of Optics, and he has been described as the "first scientist" for this reason.Bradley Steffens (2006). Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist, Morgan Reynolds Publishing, ISBN 1599350246.

There are notable examples of people who have moved back and forth among disciplines. Such polymaths were common during the Islamic Golden Age and European Renaissance. A number of early scientists were priests, including the astronomer and physician Nicolaus Copernicus; and Gregor Mendel, whose discoveries on inheritance founded modern genetics, which provides a mechanism to explain Charles Darwin observations about evolution.

is one of the most well known scientists of the 20th century.

René Descartes not only a pioneer of analytic geometry but formulated a theory of mechanics and advanced ideas about the origins of muscle contraction and perception. Visual perception interested the physicists Thomas Young (scientist) and Hermann von Helmholtz, who also studied optics, hearing and music. Isaac Newton extended Descartes' mathematics by inventing calculus (contemporaneously with Gottfried Leibniz). He provided a comprehensive formulation of classical mechanics and investigated light and optics. Joseph Fourier founded a new branch of mathematics — Fourier series — studied heat flux#Flux definition and theorems and infrared, and discovered the greenhouse effect. John von Neumann, Alan Turing, Aleksandr Khinchin, Andrey Markov and Norbert Wiener, all mathematicians, made major contributions to science and probability, including the ideas behind computers, and some of the foundations of statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics. Many mathematically inclined scientists, including Galileo Galilei, were also musicians.

In the late 19th century, Louis Pasteur, an organic chemistry, discovered that microorganisms can cause disease. A few years earlier, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., the United States physician, poet and essayist, noted that sepsis in women following childbirth was spread by the hands of doctors and nurses, four years before Ignaz Semmelweis in Europe. There are many compelling stories in medicine and biology, such as the development of ideas about the circulation of blood from Galen to William Harvey. The flowering of genetics and molecular biology in the 20th century is replete with famous names. Santiago Ramón y Cajal won the Nobel Prize in 1906 for his remarkable observations in neuroscience.

Some see a dichotomy between experimental sciences and purely "observational" sciences such as astronomy, meteorology, oceanography and seismology. But astronomers have done basic research in optics, developed charge-coupled devices, and in recent decades have sent space exploration#Unmanned missions to study other planets in addition to using the Hubble Space Telescope to probe the Beginning of the universe of the Universe some 14 billion years ago. Rotational spectroscopy has now identified dozens of organic compound in interstellar medium, requiring laboratory experimentation and computer simulation to confirm the observational data and starting a new branch of chemistry. Computer simulation and number methods are techniques required of students in every field of quantitative science.

's portrait in his later years.

Those considering science as a career often look to the frontiers. These include physical cosmology and biology, especially molecular biology and the human genome project. Other areas of active research include the exploration of matter at the scale of elementary particles as described by particle physics, and nanotechnology, which hopes to develop electronics including microscopic computers, and perhaps artificial intelligence. Although there have been remarkable discoveries with regard to brain function and neurotransmitters, the nature of the mind and human thought still remain.

Scientists and engineers There is no sharp distinction between science and engineering, although engineers typically have practical goals in mind while scientists investigate fundamental phenomenon. Both proceed from problems toward solutions. Scientists often perform engineering tasks in designing experimental equipment and building prototypes, and some engineers do first-rate scientific research. Mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, chemical engineering and aerospace engineering engineers are often at the forefront of investigating new phenomena and materials. Peter Debye received a Academic degree in electrical engineering and a doctorate in physics before eventually winning a Nobel Prize in chemistry. Similarly, Paul Dirac, one of the founders of Introduction to quantum mechanics, began his academic career as an electrical engineer before proceeding to mathematics and later physics. Claude Shannon, a theoretical engineer, founded modern information theory.

Types of scientists

Archeologists
Astronomers (including List of astrophysicists)
Biologists (including botany, entomology, evolutionary biologists, ecology, geneticists, herpetology, ichthyology, immunology, lepidopterists, microbiologists, neuroscientists, ornithology, paleontologists, pathology, pharmacology, physiology, and zoology)
Chemists (including biochemistry)
computer science
Earth scientists: geologists (including mineralogy, seismology, and volcanology), hydrologists, glaciology, limnology, meteorologists, and oceanography
Mathematicians
Physicists
Psychologists
Social sciences (including anthropology, demography, economists, geographers, linguisticss, political economy, political science, and sociology)